Scientific Ontology

m

Base SI

Mass

Resistance to acceleration; an SI base quantity.

kilogram (kg)

Dimension: $[\,M\,]$

How values of mass span the physical world (in kg, log scale).

Electron

9.11 × 10^-31 kg

Proton

1.67 × 10^-27 kg

Human

7.00 × 10¹ kg

Earth

5.97 × 10²⁴ kg

Milky Way

1.20 × 10⁴² kg

Lower limit10^-30 kgUpper limit10⁴² kg

Newton's Second Law

\vec{F} = m\vec{a}

Linear Momentum

\vec{p} = m\vec{v}

Kinetic Energy

E_k = \tfrac{1}{2} m v^2

Newton's Law of Gravitation

F = G\dfrac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}

Density

\rho = \dfrac{m}{V}

Mass–Energy Equivalence

E = m c^2

Centripetal Force

F = \dfrac{mv^2}{r} = mr\omega^2

Gravitational Field (radial)

g = \dfrac{GM}{r^2}

Gravitational Potential

V = -\dfrac{GM}{r}

SHM Period (mass–spring)

T = 2\pi\sqrt{\dfrac{m}{k}}

Molecular Kinetic Energy

\tfrac{1}{2}m\langle c^2\rangle = \tfrac{3}{2}k_BT

Specific Heat Capacity

\Delta E = mc\,\Delta\theta

Latent Heat

\Delta E = L\Delta m